large aeroplane

An aeroplane of a maximum certificated take-off mass of over 5 700 kg.

(AN 6/I)

Official definition added to AN 6/I by Amdt 21 (9/11/1995).

Самолёт, у которого максимальная сертифицированная взлётная масса свыше 5700 кг.

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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Sikorsky trained as an engineer but developed an interest in aviation at the age of 19 when he was allowed to spend several months in Paris to meet French aviators. He bought an Anzani aero-engine and took it back to Russia, where he designed and built a helicopter. In his own words, "It had one minor technical problem—it would not fly—but otherwise it was a good helicopter".

Sikorsky turned to aeroplanes and built a series of biplanes: by 1911 the 5–5 was capable of flights lasting an hour. Following this success, the Russian-Baltic Railroad Car Company commissioned Sikorsky to build a large aeroplane. On 13 May 1913 Sikorsky took off in the Grand, the world's first four-engined aeroplane. With a wing span of 28 m (92 ft) it was also the world's largest, and was unique in that the crew were in an enclosed cabin with dual controls. The even larger Ilia Mourometz flew the following year and established many records, including the carriage of sixteen people. During the First World War many of these aircraft were built and served as heavy bombers.

Following the revolution in Russia during 1917, Sikorsky emigrated first to France and then the United States, where he founded his own company. After building the successful S-38 passenger-carrying amphibian, the Sikorsky Aviation Corporation became part of the United Aircraft Corporation and went on to produce several large flying boats. Of these, the four-engined S-42 was probably the best known, for its service to Hawaii in 1935 and trial flights across the Atlantic in 1937.

In the late 1930s Sikorsky once again turned his attention to helicopters, and on 14 September 1939 his VS-300 made its first tentative hop, with Sikorsky at the controls. Many improvements were made and on 6 May 1941 Sikorsky made a record-breaking flight of over 1½ hours. The Sikorsky design of a single main lifting rotor combined with a small tail rotor to balance the torque effect has dominated helicopter design to this day. Sikorsky produced a long series of outstanding helicopter designs which are in service throughout the world.

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SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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"Colonel" Cody was one of the most colourful and controversial characters in aviation history. He dressed as a cowboy, frequently rode a horse, and appeared on the music-hall stage as a sharpshooter. Cody lived in England from 1896 and became a British subject in 1909. He wrote a melodrama, The Klondyke Nugget, which was first performed in 1898, with Cody as the villain and his wife as the heroine. It was a great success and Cody made enough money to indulge in his hobby of flying large kites. Several man-lifting kites were being developed in the mid-1890s, primarily for military observation purposes. Captain B.S.F. Baden-Powell built multiple hexagonal kites in England, while Lawrence Hargrave, in Australia, developed a very successful boxkite. Cody's man-lifting kites were so good that the British Government engaged him to supply kites, and act as an instructor with the Royal Engineers at the Balloon Factory, Farnborough. Cody's kites were rather like a box-kite with wings and, indeed, some were virtually tethered gliders. In 1905 a Royal Engineer reached a record height of 2,600 ft (790 m) in one of Cody's kites. While at Farnborough, Cody assisted with the construction of the experimental airship "British Army Dirigible No. 1", later known as Nulli Secundus. Cody was on board for the first flight in 1907. In the same year, Cody fitted an engine to one of his kites and it flew with no one on board; he also built a free-flying glider version. He went on to build a powered aeroplane with an Antoinette engine and on 16 October 1908 made a flight of 1,390 ft (424 m) at Farnborough; this was the first real flight in Britain. During the following years, Cody's large "Flying Cathedral" became a popular sight at aviation meetings, and in 1911 his "Cathedral" was the only British aeroplane to complete the course in the Circuit of Britain Contest. In 1912 Cody won the first British Military Aeroplane competition (a similar aeroplane is preserved by the Science Museum, London). Unfortunately, Cody and a passenger were killed when his latest aeroplane crashed at Farnborough in 1913; because Cody was such a popular figure at Farnborough, the tree to which he sometimes tethered his aeroplane was preserved as a memorial.

Later, there was a great controversy over who the first person to make an aeroplane flight in Britain was, as A.V. Roe, Horatio Phillips and Cody had all made hops before October 1908; most historians, however, now accept that it was Cody. Cody's title of'Colonel' was unofficial, although it was used by King George V on one of several visits to see Cody's work.

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SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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Alberto Santos-Dumont, the son of a wealthy Brazilian coffee planter, was sent to Paris to study engineering but developed a passion for flying. After several balloon flights he turned his attention to powered airships. His first small airship, powered by a motorcycle engine, flew in 1898. A series of airships followed and his flights over Paris—and his narrow escapes—generated much public interest. A large cash prize had been offered for the first person to fly from Saint-Cloud around the Eiffel Tower and back inside thirty minutes. Santos-Dumont made two attempts in his airship No. 5, but engine failures caused him to crash, once in a tree and once on a hotel roof. Undismayed, he prepared airship No. 6 and on 19 October 1901 he set out and rounded the Tower, only to suffer yet another engine failure. This time he managed to restart the engine and claim the prize. This flight created a sensation in Paris and beyond. Santos-Dumont continued to create news with a series of airship exploits, and by 1906 he had built a total of fourteen airships. In 1904 Santos-Dumont visited the United States and met Octave Chanute, who described to him the achievements of the Wright brothers. On his return to Paris he set about designing an aeroplane which was unlike any other aeroplane of the period. It had box-kite-like wings and tail, and flew tail-first (a canard) powered by an Antoinette engine at the rear. It was built for him by Gabriel Voisin and was known as the "14 bis" because it was air-tested suspended beneath airship No. 14. It made its first free take-off on 13 September 1906, and then a series of short hops, including one of 220 m (720 ft) which won Santos-Dumont an Aero-Club prize and recognition for the first aeroplane flight in Europe; indeed, it was the first officially witnessed aeroplane flight in the world. Santos-Dumont's most successful aeroplane was his No. 20 of 1909, known as the Demoiselle: a tiny machine popular with sporting pilots. About this time, however, Santos-Dumont became ill and had to abandon his aeronautical activities. Although he had not made any great technical breakthroughs, Santos-Dumont had played a major role in arousing public interest in flying.

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1) (a copy or representation of something usually on a much smaller scale: a model of the Taj Mahal; (also adjective) a model aeroplane.) modelo, maqueta

2) (a particular type or design of something, eg a car, that is manufactured in large numbers: Our car is a 1999 model.) modelo

3) (a person who wears clothes etc so that possible buyers can see them being worn: He has a job as a male fashion model.) modelo, maniquí

4) (a person who is painted, sculpted, photographed etc by an artist, photographer etc: I work as an artist's model.) modelo

5) (something that can be used to copy from.) modelo, patrón

6) (a person or thing which is an excellent example: She is a model of politeness; (also adjective) model behaviour.) modelo

1) (to wear (clothes etc) to show them to possible buyers: They model (underwear) for a living.) modelar

2) (to work or pose as a model for an artist, photographer etc: She models at the local art school.) hacer de modelo, posar

3) (to make models (of things or people): to model (the heads of famous people) in clay.) modelar

4) (to form (something) into a (particular) shape: She modelled the clay into the shape of a penguin; She models herself on her older sister.) modelar

•

- modelling

model¹ adj en miniatura / a escala

model² n

1. modelo / maqueta

2. modelo

tr['mɒdəl]

noun

1 (small representation) modelo, maqueta

■ he made a model of the Eiffel Tower hizo una maqueta de la Torre Eiffel

2 (design) modelo, patrón nombre masculino

3 (type of car etc) modelo

■ the latest model el último modelo

4 (perfect example) modelo, pauta

■ I'll use yours as a model utilizaré el tuyo como modelo

■ based on the American model of democracy basado en el modelo democrático americano

■ a role model un modelo de comportamiento

5 (fashion model) modelo nombre masulino o femenino, maniquí nombre masulino o femenino; (artist's model) modelo nombre masulino o femenino

adjective

1 (miniature) en miniatura, a escala; (toy) de juguete

■ model aeroplane aeromodelo

2 (exemplary) ejemplar; (ideal) modelo

■ model student estudiante ejemplar

■ model husband marido modelo

■ a model prison una cárcel modelo

transitive verb (pt & pp modelled (|us| modeled), ger modelling (|us| modeling))

1 modelar

2 presentar, vestir, modelar

intransitive verb

1 modelar

2 trabajar de modelo

\

to model oneself on somebody seguir el ejemplo de alguien| modeling))

1 modelar

2 presentar, vestir, modelar

intransitive verb

1 modelar

2 trabajar de modelo

\

to model oneself upon somebody seguir el ejemplo de alguien

model ['mɑdəl] v, - eled or - elled ; - eling or - elling vt

shape: modelar

model vi

: trabajar de modelo

model adj

1) exemplary: modelo, ejemplar

a model student: un estudiante modelo

2) miniature: en miniatura

model n

1) pattern: modelo m

2) miniature: modelo m, miniatura f

3) example: modelo m, ejemplo m

4) mannequin: modelo mf

5) design: modelo m

the '97 model: el modelo '97

• modelo, -a adj.

• boceto s.m.

• dechado s.m.

• ejemplar s.m.

• espejo s.m.

• horma s.f.

• maqueta s.f.

• marco s.m.

• modelo s.m.

• molde s.m.

• muestra s.f.

• padrón s.m.

• pauta s.f.

• plantilla s.f.

• modelar v.

1) ( reproduction) maqueta f, modelo m

2) (paragon, example) modelo m

3) ( design) modelo m

4) ( person) modelo mf

BrE - ll- transitive verb

1) \<\<clay/shape\>\> modelar

2) ( base)

3) \<\<garment\>\>

1) ( make shapes) modelar

2) ( pose) ( Clothing) trabajar de modelo; ( Art) posar; ( Phot) ser* modelo

adjective (before n, no comp)

1) ( miniature) <railway/village> en miniatura, a escala

2) ( ideal) <citizen/husband/pupil> modelo adj inv, ejemplar; < answer> tipo adj inv

1. N

1) (=small-scale representation) modelo m a escala, maqueta f

2) (=example) modelo m

3) (=paragon) modelo m

4) (=person) (Art) modelo mf ; (Fashion) modelo mf, maniquí mf

5) (Comm) (=design) modelo m

2. ADJ

1) (=miniature) [railway, village] en miniatura, a escala

2) (=prototype) [home] piloto

3) (=perfect) modelo inv

3. VT

1)

2) (Art) modelar

3) (Fashion)

4. VI

1) (Art) (=make models) modelar

2) (Phot, Art) posar; (Fashion) ser modelo, trabajar de modelo

* * *

1) ( reproduction) maqueta f, modelo m

2) (paragon, example) modelo m

3) ( design) modelo m

4) ( person) modelo mf

BrE - ll- transitive verb

1) \<\<clay/shape\>\> modelar

2) ( base)

3) \<\<garment\>\>

1) ( make shapes) modelar

2) ( pose) ( Clothing) trabajar de modelo; ( Art) posar; ( Phot) ser* modelo

adjective (before n, no comp)

1) ( miniature) <railway/village> en miniatura, a escala

2) ( ideal) <citizen/husband/pupil> modelo adj inv, ejemplar; < answer> tipo adj inv

1) (a copy or representation of something usually on a much smaller scale: a model of the Taj Mahal; ( also adjective) a model aeroplane.) model; -model; model-

2) (a particular type or design of something, eg a car, that is manufactured in large numbers: Our car is a 1999 model.) model; -model

3) (a person who wears clothes etc so that possible buyers can see them being worn: He has a job as a male fashion model.) model

4) (a person who is painted, sculpted, photographed etc by an artist, photographer etc: I work as an artist's model.) model

5) (something that can be used to copy from.) model

6) (a person or thing which is an excellent example: She is a model of politeness; ( also adjective) model behaviour.) forbillede; forbilledlig

1) (to wear (clothes etc) to show them to possible buyers: They model (underwear) for a living.) være model

2) (to work or pose as a model for an artist, photographer etc: She models at the local art school.) stå model

3) (to make models (of things or people): to model (the heads of famous people) in clay.) modellere; forme

4) (to form (something) into a (particular) shape: She modelled the clay into the shape of a penguin; She models herself on her older sister.) forme; efterligne

•

- modelling

* * *

1) (a copy or representation of something usually on a much smaller scale: a model of the Taj Mahal; ( also adjective) a model aeroplane.) model; -model; model-

2) (a particular type or design of something, eg a car, that is manufactured in large numbers: Our car is a 1999 model.) model; -model

3) (a person who wears clothes etc so that possible buyers can see them being worn: He has a job as a male fashion model.) model

4) (a person who is painted, sculpted, photographed etc by an artist, photographer etc: I work as an artist's model.) model

5) (something that can be used to copy from.) model

6) (a person or thing which is an excellent example: She is a model of politeness; ( also adjective) model behaviour.) forbillede; forbilledlig

1) (to wear (clothes etc) to show them to possible buyers: They model (underwear) for a living.) være model

2) (to work or pose as a model for an artist, photographer etc: She models at the local art school.) stå model

3) (to make models (of things or people): to model (the heads of famous people) in clay.) modellere; forme

4) (to form (something) into a (particular) shape: She modelled the clay into the shape of a penguin; She models herself on her older sister.) forme; efterligne

•

- modelling

1) (one of the arm-like limbs of a bird or bat, which it usually uses in flying, or one of the similar limbs of an insect: The eagle spread his wings and flew away; The bird cannot fly as it has an injured wing; These butterflies have red and brown wings.) vinge

2) (a similar structure jutting out from the side of an aeroplane: the wings of a jet.) vinge

3) (a section built out to the side of a (usually large) house: the west wing of the hospital.) fløj; -fløj

4) (any of the corner sections of a motor vehicle: The rear left wing of the car was damaged.) skærm

5) (a section of a political party or of politics in general: the Left/Right wing.) fløj

6) (one side of a football etc field: He made a great run down the left wing.) ving

7) (in rugby and hockey, a player who plays mainly down one side of the field.) ving

8) (in the air force, a group of three squadrons of aircraft.) ving

•

- winged

* * *

1) (one of the arm-like limbs of a bird or bat, which it usually uses in flying, or one of the similar limbs of an insect: The eagle spread his wings and flew away; The bird cannot fly as it has an injured wing; These butterflies have red and brown wings.) vinge

2) (a similar structure jutting out from the side of an aeroplane: the wings of a jet.) vinge

3) (a section built out to the side of a (usually large) house: the west wing of the hospital.) fløj; -fløj

4) (any of the corner sections of a motor vehicle: The rear left wing of the car was damaged.) skærm

5) (a section of a political party or of politics in general: the Left/Right wing.) fløj

6) (one side of a football etc field: He made a great run down the left wing.) ving

7) (in rugby and hockey, a player who plays mainly down one side of the field.) ving

8) (in the air force, a group of three squadrons of aircraft.) ving

•

- winged

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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At the age of 19, Phillips developed an interest in flight and constructed models with lightweight engines. He spent a large amount of time and money over many years, carrying out practical research into the science of aerodynamics. In the early 1880s he built a wind tunnel with a working section of 15 in. by 10 in. (38 cm by 25 cm). Air was sucked through the working section by an adaptation of the steam injector used in boilers and invented by Henry Giffard, the airship pioneer. Phillips tested aerofoils based on the cross-section of bird's wings, with a greater curvature on the upper surface than the lower. He measured the lift and drag and showed that the major component of lift came from suction on the upper surface, rather than pressure on the lower. He took out patents for his aerofoil sections in 1884 and 1891. In addition to his wind-tunnel test, Phillips tested his wing sections on a whirling arm, as used earlier by Cayley, Wenham and Lilienthal. After a series of tests using an arm of 15 ft (4.57 m) radius, Phillips built a massive whirling arm driven by a steam engine. His test pieces were mounted on the end of the arm, which had a radius of 50 ft (15.24 m), giving them a linear speed of 70 mph (113 km/h). By 1893 Phillips was ready to put his theories to a more practical test, so he built a large model aircraft driven by a steam engine and tethered to run round a circular track. It had a wing span of 19 ft (5.79 m), but it had fifty wings, one above the other. These wings were only 10 in. (25 cm) wide and mounted in a frame, so it looked rather like a Venetian blind. At 40 mph (64 km/h) it lifted off the track. In 1904 Phillips built a full-size multi-wing aeroplane with twenty wings which just lifted off the ground but did not fly. He built another multi-wing machine in 1907, this time with four Venetian blind' frames in tandem, giving it two hundred wings! Phillips made a short flight of almost 500 ft (152 m) which could be claimed to be the first powered aeroplane flight in England by an Englishman. He retired from flying at the age of 62.

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1) (an aeroplane.) avión

2) (a level or standard: Man is on a higher plane (of development) than the apes.) nivel, plano

3) (in geometry, a flat surface.) plano

plane n avión

tr[pleɪn]

noun

1 SMALLMATHEMATICS/SMALL (surface) plano

2 figurative use (level, standard) nivel nombre masculino

3 familiar (aircraft) avión nombre masculino

■ they went by plane fueron en avión

adjective

1 plano,-a

intransitive verb

1 (glide) planear

\

plane geometry geometría plana

plane ticket billete nombre masculino de avión

tr[pleɪn]

noun

1 (tool) cepillo

transitive verb

1 cepillar

tr[pleɪn]

noun

1 (tree) plátano

plane ['pleɪn] vt, planed ; planing : cepillar (madera)

plane adj

: plano

plane n

1) : plano m (en matemáticas, etc.)

2) level: nivel m

3) : cepillo m (de carpintero)

4) airplane

• plano, -a adj.

• avión (Aeronáutica) s.m.

• cepillo (de carpintero) s.m.

• plano (Matemática) s.m.

• plátano s.m.

• acepillar v.

• cepillar v.

• desbastar v.

• garlopar v.

• planear v.

1) ( aircraft) avión m

2) plane (tree) plátano m

3) ( tool) cepillo m de carpintero; ( longer) garlopa f

4)

a) ( surface) plano m

b) ( level) nivel m

transitive verb \<\<wood/surface\>\> cepillar

vi ( glide) planear

1. N

1) (=aeroplane, airplane) avión m

2) (Art, Math, Constr) plano m

3) (fig) nivel m

4) (=tool) (=small) cepillo m (de carpintero); (=large) garlopa f

5) (Bot) (also: plane tree) plátano m

ADJ (Geom) plano

VT cepillar

VI [bird, glider] planear; [boat, car] deslizarse

* * *

1) ( aircraft) avión m

2) plane (tree) plátano m

3) ( tool) cepillo m de carpintero; ( longer) garlopa f

4)

a) ( surface) plano m

b) ( level) nivel m

transitive verb \<\<wood/surface\>\> cepillar

vi ( glide) planear

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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Frederick Handley Page trained as an electrical engineer but soon turned his attention to the more exciting world of aeronautics. He started by manufacturing propellers for aeroplanes and airships, and then in 1909 he founded a public company. His first aeroplane, the Bluebird, was not a success, but an improved version flew well. It was known as the "Yellow Peril" because of its yellow doped finish and made a notable flight across London from Barking to Brooklands. In 1910 Handley Page became one of the first college lecturers in aeronautical engineering. During the First World War Handley Page concentrated on the production of large bombers. The 0/100 was a biplane with a wing span of 100 ft (30 m) and powered by two engines: it entered service in 1916. In 1918 an improved version, the 0/400, entered service and a larger four-engined bomber made its first flight. This was the V/1500, which was designed to bomb Berlin, but the war ended before this raid took place. After the war, Handley Page turned his attention to airline operations with the great advantage of having at his disposal large bombers which could be adapted to carry passengers. Handley Page Air Transport Ltd was formed in 1919 and provided services to several European cities. Eventually this company became part of Imperial Airways, but Handley Page continued to supply them with large airliners. Probably the most famous was the majestic HP 42 four-engined biplane, which set very high standards of comfort and safety. Safety was always important to Handley Page and in 1920 he developed a wing with a slot along the leading edge: this made slow flying safer by delaying the stall. Later versions used separate aerofoil-shaped slats on the leading edge that were sometimes fixed, sometimes retractable. The HP 42 was fitted with these slats. From the 1930s Handley Page produced a series of bombers, such as the Heyford, Hampden, Harrow and, most famous of all, the Halifax, which played a major role in the Second World War. Then followed the Victor V-bomber of 1952 with its distinctive "crescent" wing and high tailplane. Sir Frederick's last venture was the Herald short-haul airliner of 1955; designed to replace the ubiquitous Douglas DC-3, it was only a limited success.

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SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace, Weapons and armour

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Maxim was born the son of a pioneer farmer who later became a wood turner. Young Maxim was first apprenticed to a carriage maker and then embarked on a succession of jobs before joining his uncle in his engineering firm in Massachusetts in 1864. As a young man he gained a reputation as a boxer, but it was his uncle who first identified and encouraged Hiram's latent talent for invention.

It was not, however, until 1878, when Maxim joined the first electric-light company to be established in the USA, as its Chief Engineer, that he began to make a name for himself. He developed an improved light filament and his electric pressure regulator not only won a prize at the first International Electrical Exhibition, held in Paris in 1881, but also resulted in his being made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. While in Europe he was advised that weapons development was a more lucrative field than electricity; consequently, he moved to England and established a small laboratory at Hatton Garden, London. He began by investigating improvements to the Gatling gun in order to produce a weapon with a faster rate of fire and which was more accurate. In 1883, by adapting a Winchester carbine, he successfully produced a semi-automatic weapon, which used the recoil to cock the gun automatically after firing. The following year he took this concept a stage further and produced a fully automatic belt-fed weapon. The recoil drove barrel and breechblock to the vent. The barrel then halted, while the breechblock, now unlocked from the former, continued rearwards, extracting the spent case and recocking the firing mechanism. The return spring, which it had been compressing, then drove the breechblock forward again, chambering the next round, which had been fed from the belt, as it did so. Keeping the trigger pressed enabled the gun to continue firing until the belt was expended. The Maxim gun, as it became known, was adopted by almost every army within the decade, and was to remain in service for nearly fifty years. Maxim himself joined forces with the large British armaments firm of Vickers, and the Vickers machine gun, which served the British Army during two world wars, was merely a refined version of the Maxim gun.

Maxim's interests continued to occupy several fields of technology, including flight. In 1891 he took out a patent for a steam-powered aeroplane fitted with a pendulous gyroscopic stabilizer which would maintain the pitch of the aeroplane at any desired inclination (basically, a simple autopilot). Maxim decided to test the relationship between power, thrust and lift before moving on to stability and control. He designed a lightweight steam-engine which developed 180 hp (135 kW) and drove a propeller measuring 17 ft 10 in. (5.44 m) in diameter. He fitted two of these engines into his huge flying machine testrig, which needed a wing span of 104 ft (31.7 m) to generate enough lift to overcome a total weight of 4 tons. The machine was not designed for free flight, but ran on one set of rails with a second set to prevent it rising more than about 2 ft (61 cm). At Baldwyn's Park in Kent on 31 July 1894 the huge machine, carrying Maxim and his crew, reached a speed of 42 mph (67.6 km/h) and lifted off its rails. Unfortunately, one of the restraining axles broke and the machine was extensively damaged. Although it was subsequently repaired and further trials carried out, these experiments were very expensive. Maxim eventually abandoned the flying machine and did not develop his idea for a stabilizer, turning instead to other projects. At the age of almost 70 he returned to the problems of flight and designed a biplane with a petrol engine: it was built in 1910 but never left the ground.

In all, Maxim registered 122 US and 149 British patents on objects ranging from mousetraps to automatic spindles. Included among them was a 1901 patent for a foot-operated suction cleaner. In 1900 he became a British subject and he was knighted the following year. He remained a larger-than-life figure, both physically and in character, until the end of his life.

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See also: Pilcher, Percy Sinclair

CM / JDS

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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A.V.Roe served an apprenticeship at a railway works, studied marine engineering at Kings College London, served at sea as an engineer, and then took a job in the motor-car industry. His hobby was flying: after studying bird-flight, he built several flying models and in 1907 one of these won a prize offered by the Daily Mail. With the prize money he built a full-size aeroplane loosely based on the Flyer of the Wright brothers, with whom he had corresponded. In September, Roe took his biplane to the motorracing circuit at Brooklands, in Surrey, but it made only a few hops and his activities were not welcomed. Roe then moved to Essex, where he assembled his new aeroplane under the arch of a railway bridge. This was a triplane design with the engine at the front (a "tractor"), and during 1909 it made several flights (this triplane is preserved by the Science Museum in London).

In 1910 Roe and his brother Humphrey founded A.V.Roe \& Co. in Manchester, they described it the "Aviator's Storehouse". During the next three years Roe designed and built aeroplanes in Manchester, then transported them to Brooklands to fly (the authorities now made him more welcome). One of the most significant of these was his Type D tractor biplane of 1911, which led to the Avro 504 two-seater trainer of 1913. This was one of the most successful trainers of all time, as around 10,000 were built. In November 1914 a flight of Avro 504s carried out the first-ever bombing raid when they attacked German airship sheds as Friedrichshafen. A.V.Roe produced the first aeroplanes with enclosed cabins during 1912: the Type F monoplane and Type G biplane. After the war, his Avian was used for several record-breaking flights. In 1928 he sold his interest in the company bearing his name and joined forces with Saunders Ltd of Cowes, on the Isle of Wight, to found Saunders-Roe Ltd. "Saro" produced a series of flying boats, from the four-seat Cutty Sark of 1929 to the large, and ill-fated, Princess of 1952.

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SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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The parents of Henri and Maurice Farman were British subjects living in Paris, but their sons lived all their lives in France and became French citizens. As young men, both became involved in cycle and automobile racing. Henri (or Henry—he used both versions) turned his attention to aviation in 1907 when he bought a biplane from Gabriel Voisin. Within a short time he had established himself as one of the leading pilots in Europe, with many record-breaking flights to his credit. Farman modified the Voisin with his own improvements, including ailerons, and then in 1909 he designed the first Farman biplane. This became the most popular biplane in Europe from the autumn of 1909 until well into 1911 and is one of the classic aeroplanes of history. Meanwhile, Maurice Farman had also begun to design and build biplanes; his first design of 1909 was not a great success but from it evolved two robust biplanes nicknamed the "Longhorn" and the "Shorthorn", so called because of their undercarriage skids. In 1912 the brothers joined forces and set up a very large factory at Billancourt. The "Longhorn" and "Shorthorn" became the standard training aircraft in France and Britain during the early years of the First World War. The Farman brothers went on to produce a number of other wartime designs, including a large bomber. After the war the Farmans produced a series of large airliners which played a key role in establishing France as a major airline operator. Most famous of these was the Goliath, a twin-engined biplane capable of carrying up to twelve passengers. This was produced from 1918 to 1929 and was used by many airlines, including the Farman Line. The brothers retired when their company was nationalized in 1937.

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прибывать, приезжать - all the guests have *d все гости уже прибыли - to * in London прибыть в Лондон - the police *d on the scene на место происшествия прибыла полиция - sold "to *" (коммерческое) к прибытию (условие сделки при продаже товара, находящегося в пути) достигать, приходить к чему-либо - to * at an understanding достигнуть взаимопонимания - to * at a decision принять решение - to * at a conclusion прийти к заключению достигать (какого-либо возраста) - to * at the age of twenty достигнуть двадцати лет наступать (о времени) - at last the hour *d наконец час пришел сделать карьеру;
добиться успеха, признания - a genius who had never *d гений, не получивший признания ( эвфмеизм) родиться - her baby *d during the night она родила ночью( французское) удачливый честолюбец или карьерист;
человек, добившийся влияния, богатства и т. п. (французское) выскочка, парвеню

arrive добиться успеха;
an actor who has arrived актер, который добился успеха, прославился

arrive добиться успеха;
an actor who has arrived актер, который добился успеха, прославился ~ достигать (at) ;
to arrive at a conclusion приходить к заключению;
to arrive at an idea прийти к мысли ~ суд. достигать ~ наступать (о времени, событии) ~ прибывать (at, in, upon) ~ прибывать

~ достигать (at) ;
to arrive at a conclusion приходить к заключению;
to arrive at an idea прийти к мысли conclusion: ~ умозаключение, вывод;
to draw a conclusion делать вывод;
to arrive at a conclusion прийти к заключению

~ достигать (at) ;
to arrive at a conclusion приходить к заключению;
to arrive at an idea прийти к мысли

1) (one of the arm-like limbs of a bird or bat, which it usually uses in flying, or one of the similar limbs of an insect: The eagle spread his wings and flew away; The bird cannot fly as it has an injured wing; These butterflies have red and brown wings.) ala

2) (a similar structure jutting out from the side of an aeroplane: the wings of a jet.) ala

3) (a section built out to the side of a (usually large) house: the west wing of the hospital.) ala

4) (any of the corner sections of a motor vehicle: The rear left wing of the car was damaged.) aleta

5) (a section of a political party or of politics in general: the Left/Right wing.) ala

6) (one side of a football etc field: He made a great run down the left wing.) ala, extremo, banda

7) (in rugby and hockey, a player who plays mainly down one side of the field.) ala, extremo

8) (in the air force, a group of three squadrons of aircraft.) escuadrón

•

- winged

wing n

1. ala

2. ala / extremo

tr[wɪŋ]

noun

1 (gen) ala

2 SMALLAUTOMOBILES/SMALL aleta

3 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (side) banda; (player) extremo,-a

intransitive verb

1 volar

plural noun wings

1 SMALLTHEATRE/SMALL bastidores nombre masculino plural

\

on the wing volando

to take somebody under one's wings tomar a alguien bajo su protección

to take wing alzar el vuelo

to wait in the wings esperar la entrada en escena

to wing one's way ir volando

wing chair sillón nombre masculino de orejas, orejero

wing commander teniente nombre masculino coronel

wing mirror (espejo) retrovisor nombre masculino exterior

wing nut tuerca mariposa

wing tip punta del ala

wing ['wɪŋ] vi

fly: volar

wing n

1) : ala f (de un ave, un avión, o un edificio)

2) faction: ala f

the right wing of the party: el ala derecha del partido

3) wings npl

: bastidores mpl (de un teatro)

on the wing : al vuelo, volando

under one's wing : bajo el cargo de uno

• ala (Pájaro) s.f.

• ala s.f.

• aleta (Automóvil) s.f.

• bastidor s.m.

• brazo s.m.

• exterior s.m.

• plano s.m.

• volar s.m.

• vuelo s.m.

1) c u ( Zool) ala f‡

2) ( Aviat) ala f‡

3) (BrE Auto) guardabarros m or (Méx) salpicadera f or (Chi, Per) tapabarros m; (before n)

4) ( Sport)

a) ( part of field) ala f‡

b) (player, position) ala mf‡, alero mf, extremo mf

5) ( Pol) ala f‡; see also left wing a), right wing a)

6) ( of building) ala f‡

7) wings pl

a) ( Theat)

b) ( insignia) (Aviat, Mil) insignia f

1. N

1) [of bird] ala f

- clip sb's wings

- do sth on a wing and a prayer

- stretch or spread one's wings

- take sb under one's wing

2) [of chair] orejera f, oreja f

3) (Sport) (=position) extremo m, ala f ; (=player) extremo(-a) m / f, alero(-a) m / f

4) (Archit) ala f

5) (=section) ala f

6) (Brit) (Aut) aleta f

7) wings (Theat) bastidores mpl

- be waiting in the wings

2. VT

1)

2) (=wound) [+ bird] tocar en el ala, herir en el ala; [+ person] herir en el brazo/hombro

3)

* * *

1) c u ( Zool) ala f‡

2) ( Aviat) ala f‡

3) (BrE Auto) guardabarros m or (Méx) salpicadera f or (Chi, Per) tapabarros m; (before n)

4) ( Sport)

a) ( part of field) ala f‡

b) (player, position) ala mf‡, alero mf, extremo mf

5) ( Pol) ala f‡; see also left wing a), right wing a)

6) ( of building) ala f‡

7) wings pl

a) ( Theat)

b) ( insignia) (Aviat, Mil) insignia f

1) (a copy or representation of something usually on a much smaller scale: a model of the Taj Mahal; ( also adjective) a model aeroplane.) modell

2) (a particular type or design of something, eg a car, that is manufactured in large numbers: Our car is a 1999 model.) modell

3) (a person who wears clothes etc so that possible buyers can see them being worn: He has a job as a male fashion model.) mannekeng, (foto)modell

4) (a person who is painted, sculpted, photographed etc by an artist, photographer etc: I work as an artist's model.) modell

5) (something that can be used to copy from.) mønster

6) (a person or thing which is an excellent example: She is a model of politeness; ( also adjective) model behaviour.) forbilde

1) (to wear (clothes etc) to show them to possible buyers: They model (underwear) for a living.) vise klær (som mannekeng)

2) (to work or pose as a model for an artist, photographer etc: She models at the local art school.) stå modell

3) (to make models (of things or people): to model (the heads of famous people) in clay.) lage modeller, forme

4) (to form (something) into a (particular) shape: She modelled the clay into the shape of a penguin; She models herself on her older sister.) modellere, forme (etter)

•

- modelling

modell

modellere

modellering

mønster

subst. \/ˈmɒdl\/

1) modell, fotomodell, mannekeng, utstillingsfigur, voksdukke

• sports model

2) mønster, eksempel til etterfølgelse, forbilde, mønster-, modell-

• a model of an industry

3) ( hverdagslig) bilde, avbilde

• he is a perfect model of his father

4) ( om gjenstand i forminsket utgave) modell

• he had a model of the London Bridge on his mantle

5) ( om design) modell, type

• last year's model

model of bilde på

• he is a model of industry

make somebody one's model eller take somebody for one's model gjøre noen til sitt forbilde

on the model of etter mønster av

sit\/pose as a model sitte\/stå modell

verb \/ˈmɒdl\/

1) modellere, forme

• she has delicately modelled features

2) planlegge, anlegge, innrette

• model a park

• model a household

3) ( overført) forme, utforme

4) vise (frem) (som mannekeng)

• model dresses

5) stå modell, være mannekeng

• she's modelling clothes for an agency

model oneself after\/on\/upon somebody forsøke å etterligne noen, forsøke å ta etter noen

model somebody after\/on\/upon (ut)forme noe etter, med... som forbilde

• I modelled my book on his

1) (one of the arm-like limbs of a bird or bat, which it usually uses in flying, or one of the similar limbs of an insect: The eagle spread his wings and flew away; The bird cannot fly as it has an injured wing; These butterflies have red and brown wings.) vinge

2) (a similar structure jutting out from the side of an aeroplane: the wings of a jet.) vinge

3) (a section built out to the side of a (usually large) house: the west wing of the hospital.) fløy, ving

4) (any of the corner sections of a motor vehicle: The rear left wing of the car was damaged.) skjerm

5) (a section of a political party or of politics in general: the Left/Right wing.) fløy, fraksjon

6) (one side of a football etc field: He made a great run down the left wing.) ving

7) (in rugby and hockey, a player who plays mainly down one side of the field.) vingspiller

8) (in the air force, a group of three squadrons of aircraft.) ving

•

- winged

fløy

skjerm

tilbygg

subst. \/wɪŋ\/

1) vinge

2) (amer., hverdagslig) arm

3) ( luftfart) bæreplan, vinge

4) ( bil) skjerm

5) ( på bygning) fløy, ving

6) ( anatomi) øreflipp, nesevinge

7) ( politikk) fløy, ving, fraksjon

8) ( om krage) flipp

9) ( på lenestol) ørelapp

10) ( sport) ving, vingspiller

• she plays on the wing

11) ( militærvesen) ving, flanke, fløy

12) ( fuglejakt) flokk

13) ( sjøfart) slag, (bro)vinge

14) flukt, avskjed

be sprouting wings begynne å bli voksen (om barn like før tenårene eller i tenårene)

clip someone's wings ( overført) stekke noens vinger, vingestekke noen

have something (waiting) in the wings ( hverdagslig) ha noe i bakhånd

imp the wings forklaring: forsterke vingene på en jaktfalk (med nye fjær)

in the wings klar til handling

lend somebody wings gi noen vinger, sette fart på noen

on a wing and a prayer på lykke og fromme

on the wing i flukten

• she could shoot a bird on the wing

( overført) på farten, klar til å dra

• she is always on the wing

on the wing gathering eller on the wing in search of på jakt etter

on the wings of song på sangens vinger

on the wings of the wind med vindens hastighet

on wings med lette steg, lykkelig

rise on the wing fly sin vei

spread\/stretch\/try one's wings ( overført) få luft under vingene, prøve seg på noe nytt

take wing fly opp, fly bort ( overført) forsvinne, flykte, dra sin vei

under someone's wings ( overført) under noens beskyttende vinger

waiting in the wings som venter i kulissene ( overført) være beredt

verb \/wɪŋ\/

1) fly

2) ( poetisk) fly (gjennom\/bort), sveve (gjennom)

3) ( poetisk) føre (bort) gjennom luften

4) skyte i vingen

• one of the birds was winged, the others killed

5) ( om fly) skyte ned

6) ( om bygning) forsyne med fløyer

7) ( litterært) utstyre med vinger, gi vinger

wing it improvisere

wing somebody såre noen (i armen eller skulderen)

1) (a copy or representation of something usually on a much smaller scale: a model of the Taj Mahal; ( also adjective) a model aeroplane.) líkan

2) (a particular type or design of something, eg a car, that is manufactured in large numbers: Our car is a 1999 model.) stíll, gerð, módel

3) (a person who wears clothes etc so that possible buyers can see them being worn: He has a job as a male fashion model.) módel, sÿningarstúlka/-maður

4) (a person who is painted, sculpted, photographed etc by an artist, photographer etc: I work as an artist's model.) módel, fyrirsæta

5) (something that can be used to copy from.) fyrirmynd

6) (a person or thing which is an excellent example: She is a model of politeness; ( also adjective) model behaviour.) fyrirmynd

1) (to wear (clothes etc) to show them to possible buyers: They model (underwear) for a living.) sÿna

2) (to work or pose as a model for an artist, photographer etc: She models at the local art school.) sitja fyrir

3) (to make models (of things or people): to model (the heads of famous people) in clay.) móta

4) (to form (something) into a (particular) shape: She modelled the clay into the shape of a penguin; She models herself on her older sister.) móta; miða (sjálfan sig) við

•

- modelling

1) (one of the arm-like limbs of a bird or bat, which it usually uses in flying, or one of the similar limbs of an insect: The eagle spread his wings and flew away; The bird cannot fly as it has an injured wing; These butterflies have red and brown wings.) vængur

2) (a similar structure jutting out from the side of an aeroplane: the wings of a jet.) vængur

3) (a section built out to the side of a (usually large) house: the west wing of the hospital.) vængur, álma

4) (any of the corner sections of a motor vehicle: The rear left wing of the car was damaged.) bretti

5) (a section of a political party or of politics in general: the Left/Right wing.) armur, vængur

6) (one side of a football etc field: He made a great run down the left wing.) vængur, kantur

7) (in rugby and hockey, a player who plays mainly down one side of the field.) útherji, kantmaður

8) (in the air force, a group of three squadrons of aircraft.) flugsveit

•

- winged